滕王阁序

　　豫章故郡，洪都新府。星分翼轸，地接衡庐。襟三江而带五湖，控蛮荆而引瓯越。物华天宝，龙光射牛 斗之墟；人杰地灵，徐孺下陈蕃之榻。雄州雾列，俊采星驰。台隍枕夷夏之交，宾主尽东南之美。都督阎公之雅望，棨戟遥临；宇文新州之懿范，襜帷暂驻。十旬休 假，胜友如云；千里逢迎，高朋满座。腾蛟起凤，孟学士之词宗；紫电青霜，王将军之武库。家君作宰，路出名区，童子何知，躬逢胜饯。

　　时维九月，序属三秋。潦水尽而寒潭清，烟光凝而暮山紫。俨骖騑于上路，访风景于崇阿。临 帝子之长洲，得天人之旧馆。层台耸翠，上出重霄；飞阁翔丹，下临无地。鹤汀凫渚，穷岛屿之萦回；桂殿兰宫，即冈峦之体势。披绣闼，俯雕甍：山原旷其盈视， 川泽纡其骇瞩。闾阎扑地，钟鸣鼎食之家；舸舰迷津，青雀黄龙之轴。云销雨霁，彩彻区明。落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色。渔舟唱晚，响穷彭蠡之滨；雁阵惊 寒，声断衡阳之浦。

　　遥襟甫畅，逸兴遄飞。爽籁发而清风生，纤歌凝而白云遏。睢园绿竹，气凌彭泽之樽；邺水朱 华，光照临川之笔。四美具，二难并。穷睇眄于中天，极娱游于暇日。天高地迥，觉宇宙之无穷；兴尽悲来，识盈虚之有数。望长安于日下，目吴会于云间。地势极 而南溟深，天柱高而北辰远。关山难越，谁悲失路之人；萍水相逢，尽是他乡之客。怀帝阍而不见，奉宣室以何年。嗟乎！时运不齐，命途多舛；冯唐易老，李广难 封。屈贾谊于长沙，非无圣主；窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时。所赖君子见机，达人知命。老当益壮，宁移白首之心；穷且益坚，不坠青云之志。酌贪泉而觉爽，处涸辙 而相欢。北海虽赊，扶摇可接；东隅已逝，桑榆非晚。孟尝高洁，空余报国之情；阮籍猖狂，岂效穷途之哭！

　　勃，三尺微命，一介书生。无路请缨，等终军之弱冠；有怀投笔，爱宗悫之长风。舍簪笏于百 龄，奉晨昏于万里。非谢家之宝树，接孟氏之芳邻。他日趋庭，叨陪鲤对；今兹捧袂，喜托龙门。杨意不逢，抚凌云而自惜；钟期相遇，奏流水以何惭。呜呼！胜地 不常，盛筵难再；兰亭已矣，梓泽丘墟。临别赠言，幸承恩于伟饯；登高作赋，是所望于群公。敢竭鄙怀，恭疏短引；一言均赋，四韵俱成。请洒潘江，各倾陆海云 尔。

　　作者简介

　　王勃（650—676），字子安，绛州龙门（今山西省河津县）人。隋末文中子王通之孙。六岁能文，未冠应幽素科及第，授朝散郎，为沛王 （李贤）府修撰。因作文得罪高宗被逐，漫游蜀中，客于剑南，后补虢州参军。又因私杀官奴获死罪，遇赦除名，父福畦受累贬交趾令。勃渡南海省父，溺水受惊而 死。与杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王并称“初唐四杰”。其诗气象浑厚，音律谐畅，开初唐新风，尤以五言律诗为工；其骈文绘章絺句，对仗精工，《滕王阁序》极负盛 名。于“四杰”之中，王勃成就最大。诗文集早佚，明人辑有《王子安集》。

　　《滕王阁序》赏析

　　一、整体感知

　　本文原题为《秋日登洪府滕王阁饯别序》，全文运思谋篇，都紧扣这个题目。全文共分四段，第1段历叙洪都雄伟的地势、珍异的物产、杰出的 人才以及尊贵的宾客，紧扣题中“洪府”二字来写；第2段展示的是一幅流光溢彩的滕王阁秋景图，近观远眺，都是浓墨重彩，写出了滕王阁壮美而又秀丽的景色， 紧扣题目“秋日”、“登滕王阁”六字来写；第3段由对宴会的描写转而引出人生的感慨，紧扣题目中“饯”字来写；最后一段自叙遭际，表示当此临别之际，既遇 知音，自当赋诗作文，以此留念，这是紧扣题中“别”、“序”二字来写。由此看来，全文层次井然，脉络清晰；由地及人，由人及景，由景及情，可谓丝丝入扣， 层层扣题。

　　二、局部思路揭示

　　本文因饯别而作，但对宴会之盛仅略叙，数笔带过，而倾全力写登阁所见之景，因景而生之情，不落窠臼，独辟蹊径。而局部思路的布局谋篇，取舍立意，亦颇见为文之功底。以第五段为例说明作者的情感起伏脉络：

　　先用一连串短句抒发感叹：“时运不济，命途多舛。冯后易老，李广难对。”而后长短结合，抒发自己的愤郁悲凉：“屈贾谊于长沙，非无圣 主；窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时？”最后又用先短后长的一组对偶表明心志：“孟尝高洁，空余报国之情；阮籍猖狂，岂效穷途之哭？”铿锵的语调表达了自己不甘沉 沦的决心。

　　三、精彩语句揣摩

　　1.“潦水尽而寒潭清，烟光凝而暮山紫”

　　赏析：作者善用灵活多变的笔法描写山容水态，表现楼台的壮观，从而把读者带入身临其境的审美境地。“潦水尽而寒潭清，烟光凝而暮山紫” 写出了色彩变化之美。这两句不囿于静止的画面色彩，而着力表现山光山色的色彩变幻：寒潭之水因积水退尽而一片清明；傍晚的山峦因暮霭笼罩而呈紫色。上句设 色淡雅，下句设色浓重，在色彩的浓淡对比中，突出秋日景物的特征，被前人誉为“写尽九月之景”。

　　2.“落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色”

　　赏析：这一句素称千古绝唱。青天碧水，天水相接，上下浑然一色：彩霞自上而下，孤鹜自下而上，相映增辉，构成一幅色彩明丽而又上下浑成 的绝妙好图。这两句在句式上不但上下句相对，而且在一句中自成对偶，形成“当句对”的特点。如“落霞”对“孤鹜”，“秋水”对“长天”，这是王勃骈文的一 大特点。

　　3.“老当益壮，宁移白首之心？穷且益坚，不坠青云之志。”

　　赏析：这是全文最富思想意义的警语。古往今来有多少有志之士，面对一切艰难险阻，总能执着地追求自己的理想，即使在郁郁不得志的逆境当 中也不消沉放弃。东汉马援云：“大丈夫为志，穷当益坚，老当益壮。”王勃在此化用，警示那些“失路之人”不要因年华易逝和处境困顿而自暴自弃。而王勃此时 正怀才不遇，但仍有这般情怀，确实难能可贵。

　　本文的借代和谦辞

　　1.辨识六处借代用法

　　（l）棨戟遥临：棨戟代阎公。

　　（2）檐帷暂驻：襜帷代车驾，实代宇文氏。

　　（3）仙人之旧馆：代滕王阁。

　　（4）帝阍：代朝廷。

　　（5）奉宣室：代入朝做官。

　　（6）抚凌云而自惜：凌云代司马相如的赋。因汉武帝曾夸其赋“飘飘有凌云之气”。

　　2.了解六个礼貌谦辞

　　（1）家君作宰，路出名区；童子何知，躬逢胜饯。

　　家君，称自己的父亲。童子，王勃自称。全句意思是，家父作交趾县的县令，自己因探望父亲路过这个有名的地方（指洪州）；年幼无知，（却有幸）参加这场盛大的宴会。

　　（2）勃，三尺微命，一介书生。

　　三尺、一介，都是王勃的自称。古人称成人为“七尺之躯”，称不大懂事的小孩儿为“三尺童儿”。“一介”同“一芥”，比喻自己很渺小。微命，指卑微的地位。全句意思是，我是身份卑微、地位低下的一个读书人。

　　（3）他日趋庭，叨陪鲤对。

　　趋庭，快步走过庭院，这是表示对长辈的恭敬。叨，惭愧的承受，表示自谦。鲤对，指在父辈面前接受教诲。全句意思是，过些时候自己将到父亲那里聆听教诲。

　　《滕王阁序》的用典

　　1.言简意赅，含蓄有味——明用

　　所谓明用，就是用典故的字面意思，并将其所具有的特殊含义加以扩大，变为泛指。《滕王阁序》中的“物华天宝，龙光射牛斗之虚；人杰地灵，徐孺下陈蕃之榻”“紫电青霜，王将军之武库”“天柱高而北辰远”等句中的用典即属明用典故。

　　“龙光”之典见于《晋书?张华传》，张华因斗、牛二星间有紫气照射而在地下掘得龙泉、太阿两剑，两剑的夺目光芒即龙光。“徐孺”之典见 于《后汉书?徐穉传》，东汉名士陈蕃任豫章太守时不接来客，惟因家贫在家种地而不肯做官的徐穉来访，才设一睡榻留宿。“紫电”之典见《古今注?舆服篇》， 吴大皇帝有宝剑六把，其二名紫电。

　　“清霜”之典见《西京杂记》，汉高祖斩白蛇用的剑，12年磨一次，剑刃锋利如霜雪般白亮。“天柱”之典见《神异经》，昆仑山上有铜柱，其高入天，称为天柱。“北辰”之典见《论语?为政》，“为政以德，譬如北辰，居其所而众星共之”。这里指北极星，喻指国君。

　　以上明用的典故，实现了表达上“意婉而尽，藻丽而富，气畅而凝”（刘勰《文心雕龙》语）的效果，可谓言简意丰，辞约蕴寓。

　　2.隐括旨义，旨冥句中——暗用

　　暗用指引典不直录原文，而化成自己的语言，使典故贴近语境，又不违原意，起到恰当而曲折地表达作者思想感情的效果。《滕王阁序》中的 “冯唐易老，李广难封，屈贾谊于长沙，非无圣主；窜梁鸿于海曲，岂乏明时”“酌贪泉而觉爽，处涸辙以犹欢”“孟尝高洁，空余抱国之情；阮籍猖狂，岂效穷途 之哭”等句的用典即属暗用典故。

　　“冯唐”“李广”两典见《史记》，“梁鸿”“孟尝”两典见《后汉书》。这几个典故比较熟悉，本文不再详解。“贪泉”之典见《晋书? 吴隐之佳》，广州北20里的石门有水叫贪泉，据称人饮此水必起贪得无厌之心，吴隐之至此，取泉水饮，并赋诗一首：“古人云此水，一歃怀千金。试使夷齐饮， 终当不易心。”“涸辙”之典见《庄子?外物》，此为语典，车辙无水，故曰涸辙，此处喻穷困的境遇。“阮籍”之典见《晋书?阮籍传》，身处魏晋间的阮籍，因 不满于司马氏，便以饮酒来掩饰自己，以免被害，他常自己驾车外出，也不顺着路走，当前面有什么障碍不能前进时，就痛苦着回来。

　　以上这些典故，或事或语，均由王勃化用为自己的语言，而用典中所蕴涵的却是作者不为当世所用的自怨自叹的复杂情感。但又由于王勃借用了“贪泉”“涸辙”之典，把自己强行振作、不甘颓废的信念表露无遗。

　　3.说古喻今，比况自身——化用

　　化用即点化后使用。这是一种作者将叙事详备，文字较长的事典合理化简点睛，以简驭繁地表达情感的用典方法 。《滕王阁序》中“杨意不逢，抚凌云而自惜；钟期既遇，奏流水以何惭”句即属典故的化用。

　　“杨意不逢”之典见《史记?司马相如列传》，汉朝杨得意禀告汉武帝，说《子虚赋》为司马相如所作，武帝召见相如，“天子大悦，飘飘有凌云之气”，而杨得意却仍做个掌管猎犬的小官。“钟期既遇”之典见《列子?汤问》，上古伯牙鼓琴，志在高山流水，只有钟子期知其音。

　　以上两个化用典故，涵蕴深刻。只有26岁的王勃受邀作序，但面对自己“时运不齐，命途多舛”，不禁兴尽悲来，又不便直说，乃妙笔生花，化用典故，虽说的是古，而喻的却是今，可谓比况自如，毫无斧凿之痕。

　　4.多典浓缩，加强效果——连用

　　连用是指作者为了加强表达效果而在一句之中驱遣几个典故来表达思想感情的用典方式。《滕王阁序》中典故连用的句子较多，下面仅举一例： “非谢家之宝树，接孟氏之芳邻。他日趋庭，叨陪鲤对；今兹捧袂，喜托龙门”句中连用四个典故，表明作者幸蒙阎公垂青，得以即席命笔，施展才华的感激之情。

　　“谢家宝树”之典见《世说新语?言语》，谢安问子侄们，人们为什么总希望子弟好？侄子谢玄答曰：“譬如芝兰玉树，欲使其生于庭阶 耳。”玉树即宝树，比喻不辱门庭的好子弟。“孟氏芳邻”之典见《烈女传?母仪篇》，据说孟母为教育儿子而三迁择邻。“鲤对”之典见《论语?季氏》，孔子曾 立于庭中，其子孔鲤“趋而过庭”，孔子教诲他应学习《诗》《礼》。“龙门”之典见《后汉书?李膺传》：“膺以声名自高，士有被其容接者，名为登龙门。”

　　以上四个典故在句中连用，极恰当地表达出了年轻的王勃受宠若惊而又自怨自叹的复杂心理，而且这几个用典或正或反，给人以一气贯之的畅快淋漓之感。

　　《滕王阁序》写景“四美”

　　《滕王阁序》的写景颇有特色，作者精心构画，苦苦经营，运用灵活多变的手法描写山水，体现了一定的美学特征。

　　1.色彩变化之美

　　文章不惜笔墨，浓墨重彩，极写景物的色彩变化。如“紫电清霜”中的“紫电”，“飞阁流丹”中的“流丹”，“层峦耸翠”中的“耸翠”， “青雀黄龙之轴”中的“青雀”“黄龙”无不色彩缤纷，摇曳生辉。尤其“潦水尽而寒潭清，烟光凝而暮山紫”一句，不囿于静止画面色彩，着力表现水光山色之变 化，上句朴素淡雅，下句设色凝重，被前人誉为“写尽九月之景”之句。

　　2.远近变化之美

　　作者采用恰当的方法，犹如电影的拍摄技术，由近及远，构成一幅富有层次感和纵深感的全景图。“鹤汀凫渚”四句写阁四周景物，是近景； “山原旷其盈视”二句写山峦、平原和河流、湖泽，是中景；“虹销雨霁”以下则是水田浩淼的远景。这种写法，是《滕王阁序》写景的最突出特点，体现了作者立 体化的审美观，把读者带进了如诗如画的江南胜境，读者和景物融为一体，人在景中，景中有人。

　　3.上下浑成之美

　　“层峦耸翠”四句，借视角变化，使上下相映成趣，天上地下，城里城外，相与为一，不可分离，体现了作者整齐划一的审美观。而“落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色”更是写景名句，水天相接，浑然天成，构成一幅色彩明丽的美妙图画。

　　4.虚实相衬之美

　　“渔舟唱晚”四句，即凭借听觉联想，用虚实手法传达远方的景观，使读者开阔眼界，视通万里。实写虚写，相互谐调，相互映衬，极尽铺叙写景之能事。

　　总之，《滕王阁序》一文的写景颇具匠心，字字珠玑，句句生辉，章章华彩，一气呵成，使人读完后犹如身临江南水乡，难怪韩愈情不自禁地称赞说：“江南多临观之类，而滕王阁独为第一。”

China's Reserves Near Milestone,

BEIJING -- Sometime in the next few days, China's holdings of foreign currencies and securities will top $1 trillion -- a sum greater than the annual economic output of all but nine countries. The rapid growth in these so-called foreign-exchange reserves has made Beijing a colossus in the financial world, cushioned against shocks at home, but potentially able to trigger them abroad.
How China manages its growing pool of wealth has major repercussions for the global economy. Beijing's reserves totaled $987.9 billion as of Sept. 30 and are growing by roughly $20 billion a month. That total compares with the about $1.2 trillion in assets under management at U.S. mutual-fund giant Fidelity Investments.
As the pot grows, the secretive and sophisticated portfolio managers at China's central bank are trying gradually to boost their country's returns on its foreign-exchange holdings, at least in part by making somewhat riskier but higher-yielding investments. Last spring, an unsuccessful effort to divine their intentions sparked a steep run-up in the price of gold.
For the U.S., how China deploys its reserves is a question of some consequence. Most of China's currency reserves are invested in U.S.-dollar-denominated debt, such as U.S. Treasurys, which are considered the world's safest investment. That has kept demand for U.S. Treasury notes high -- and interest rates low. A change in that pattern could affect how much Americans pay for mortgage loans and other borrowings.
Some in Washington and in world markets fear that China might one day dump its holdings of dollar-based assets, setting off a tidal wave of sales that might swamp the U.S. economy. Despite such fears, there's no sign that China is making a major move out of dollars and into euros or other foreign currencies, even though Chinese economists have occasionally warned that the weak dollar holds down the value of China's holdings.

China discloses almost nothing about its reserves, beyond their awesome size. Roughly 70% of the Chinese reserves are believed to be in U.S. dollar assets, 20% in euros and 10% in other currencies, including the Japanese yen and Korean won, according to Brad Setser, an economist at Roubini Global Economics.
China's enormous nest egg adds to its ability to project its influence around the world. The prospect that the Chinese central bank's State Administration of Foreign Exchange could spread its investments more widely hangs over global markets, says Richard Yetsenga, Hong Kong-based currency strategist at HSBC. "People think about diversification all the time," he says. The only other investors that rival SAFE in size, Mr. Yetsenga says, are Russia and the oil-producing countries of the Middle East.
As China's reserves balloon, markets and many U.S. officials believe it to be buying less U.S. Treasury debt, which is explicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, and more debt issued by U.S. mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which carries an implicit government guarantee.
China's shopping list also is said to include somewhat riskier but higher-yielding mortgage-backed securities and U.S. corporate bonds. Financial-market traders and analysts also believe China has begun to dabble in even riskier dollar-denominated emerging-market debt, operating through private money managers around the world.
The country's massive foreign-exchange reserves are a direct result of China's effort to manage the exchange rate of its currency. To prevent the value of the yuan from strengthening too rapidly and hurting China's exports, the country's central bank buys dollars from foreign investors and China's own exporters, issuing yuan in exchange.
The abundance of yuan created in this way holds down the Chinese currency's value. But the resulting mountain of foreign-exchange holdings opens China to accusations from the U.S. and others that it manipulates its exchange rate to make its products unfairly cheap on world markets.
Chinese central bankers also worry that the plentiful supply of yuan is overheating China's economy and causing unwelcome inflation. Asked by reporters last month about the size of the reserves, central-bank governor Zhou Xiaochuan said: "We think we've got enough."
China's reserves already far exceed what the country needs to protect its economy from global financial shocks: $1 trillion is roughly 1¼ to 1½ times China's total import bill last year and is equivalent to roughly 45% of the year's economic output. The total could pay off China's total short-term foreign debt six times over. It dwarfs the world's single biggest mutual fund, American Funds' Growth Fund of America, with $147 billion in assets, and makes Harvard University's $30 billion endowment look like pocket change.
The latest data from the U.S. Treasury Department show that, as of June 2005, China's public and private sectors held a total of at least $527.3 billion in U.S. securities, including about $450 billion of long-term U.S. Treasury or agency debt. The composition of its dollar assets suggests that China is a more sophisticated portfolio manager than Japan, which is believed to keep a larger fraction of its $881 billion in reserves in short-term U.S. securities. But the Treasury's figures may underestimate China's holdings because the U.S. government can't always identify the ultimate owner of its debt.
Indeed, the Chinese central bank's State Administration of Foreign Exchange leaves few tracks as it buys and sells assets through dealers all over the world, as well as through the largely state-owned Bank of Communications in Shanghai. The sums are so large that traders and analysts from Hong Kong to London prize even the slimmest details.
The flimsiest reports from China on the management of its reserves can cause gyrations in global markets. In May, for instance, China Gold News, a leading industry publication in China, carried comments from a Chinese economist who said China should raise its holding of gold to 2,500 metric tons from 600 tons.
The economist, Liu Shanen, doesn't speak for SAFE: he is a part-time economist at the Beijing Gold Economy Development Research Center, a government organization closely affiliated with state-owned mining groups. Nevertheless, the report helped push gold prices to a 25-year high.
By spending a large chunk of its national savings to buy U.S. debt, China is helping keep mortgage rates in the U.S. low at a time when the money could be put to use in its own huge, developing economy. The Chinese health system is collapsing; schools are starved of funds; social welfare systems are in dire need of cash.
In the brewing debate about how the reserves could be better spent, Premier Wen Jiabao has suggested that some of the funds could be set aside to buy high technology to transform Chinese businesses. Vice President Zeng Qinghong advocates using the money to buy raw materials that China lacks. Meanwhile, former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers has been barnstorming the globe telling countries like China they are squandering resources by parking billions in low-yielding U.S. debt securities.
Some Chinese economists advise caution. Using foreign-exchange reserves to invest in oil and other commodities is "far too risky," warns Yi Xianrong, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, a leading think tank. He advises buying fewer dollars and larger quantities of other currencies.
Just this month, comments by an adviser to the central bank that it was risky for China to hold so many dollars sent the dollar slipping from multimonth highs against major currencies. But Fan Gang, a member of the central bank's monetary policy committee, speaking at a financial forum, was quoted by Reuters news service as saying that China had few alternatives to dollar investments.
U.S. officials currently worry less about China dumping its dollars than they do about the prospect that some developing country, unhappy with conditions on International Monetary Fund loans, might end up borrowing instead from China, potentially increasing China's influence in emerging markets.
According to officials involved in the discussions, the U.S. recently balked at letting China join the Inter-American Development Bank as a "nonregional member," something China wanted to do to raise its profile in resource-rich Latin America. Washington insists that countries such as China that borrow from the World Bank aren't eligible for such status.
Demonstrating the enormous flexibility its vast reserves provide, China offered a compromise: For every dollar China borrowed from the World Bank, it would put an equivalent amount from its reserves into the World Bank through another doorway.
The deal didn't materialize. A spokesman for the Inter-American Development Bank says he can neither confirm nor deny that such negotiations took place.